What
is application logging and monitoring? Answer: Application logging and
monitoring is the process of collecting, analyzing, and storing data about
an application's performance, usage, and security. This data is used to
identify issues, track usage patterns, and improve the overall security
and performance of the application.
Why
is application logging and monitoring important? Answer: Application
logging and monitoring is important because it allows organizations to
identify issues with the application, track usage patterns, and improve
the overall security and performance of the application.
What
are some examples of data that can be collected through application
logging and monitoring? Answer: Examples of data that can be collected
through application logging and monitoring include user activity, system
performance metrics, error messages, and security-related events.
How
can application logging and monitoring improve security? Answer:
Application logging and monitoring can improve security by providing
visibility into potential security issues and by allowing organizations to
respond quickly to incidents.
What
are some examples of security-related data that can be collected through
application logging and monitoring? Answer: Examples of security-related
data that can be collected through application logging and monitoring include
user login attempts, system access attempts, and data breaches.
What
are some common types of application logging and monitoring tools? Answer:
Common types of application logging and monitoring tools include log
management platforms, performance monitoring tools, and security incident
and event management (SIEM) systems.
How
can application logging and monitoring data be analyzed? Answer:
Application logging and monitoring data can be analyzed using a variety of
methods, including manual review, automated analysis, and machine
learning.
How
can application logging and monitoring data be used to improve application
performance? Answer: Application logging and monitoring data can be used
to identify and diagnose performance issues, track usage patterns, and
identify opportunities for optimization.
How
can application logging and monitoring data be used to improve application
security? Answer: Application logging and monitoring data can be used to
identify potential security vulnerabilities, track user activity, and
respond quickly to security incidents.
What
is a log management platform? Answer: A log management platform is a tool
that is used to collect, store, and analyze log data. These platforms are
often used to identify and diagnose issues with an application.
What
is a performance monitoring tool? Answer: A performance monitoring tool is
a tool that is used to collect and analyze data about an application's
performance. These tools are often used to identify and diagnose
performance issues.
What
is a security incident and event management (SIEM) system? Answer: A
security incident and event management (SIEM) system is a tool that is
used to collect and analyze security-related data. These systems are often
used to identify and respond to security incidents.
What
is a correlation rule? Answer: A correlation rule is a set of instructions
used to identify a specific pattern or set of conditions in log data.
How
can correlation rules be used to improve application security? Answer:
Correlation rules can be used to identify patterns in log data that may
indicate a security incident, allowing organizations to respond quickly to
potential threats.
What
is a log parser? Answer: A log parser is a tool that is used to extract
specific data from log files and convert it into a more structured format
that can be analyzed and visualized.
How
can log parsers be used to improve application logging and monitoring?
Answer: Log parsers can be used to extract relevant data from log files
and convert it into a more structured format, making it easier to analyze
and identify issues.
What
is a log aggregator? Answer: A log aggregator is a tool that is used to
collect log data from multiple sources and centralize it in a single
location for analysis.
How
can log aggregators be used to improve application logging and monitoring?
Answer: Log aggregators can be used to centralize log data from multiple
sources and make it easier to analyze and identify issues.
What
is a log analyzer? Answer: A log analyzer is a tool that is used to
analyze log data and identify patterns and trends.
How
can log analyzers be used to improve application logging and monitoring?
Answer: Log analyzers can be used to identify patterns and trends in log
data, helping organizations to identify and diagnose issues with the
application.
What
is a log visualization tool? Answer: A log visualization tool is a tool
that is used to display log data in a graphical format, making it easier
to analyze and understand.
How
can log visualization tools be used to improve application logging and
monitoring? Answer: Log visualization tools can be used to display log
data in a graphical format, making it easier to identify patterns and
trends in the data, and to analyze and diagnose issues with the
application.
What
is a real-time log monitoring system? Answer: A real-time log monitoring
system is a tool that is used to collect and analyze log data in
real-time, allowing organizations to respond quickly to potential issues.
How
can real-time log monitoring systems be used to improve application
logging and monitoring? Answer: Real-time log monitoring systems can be
used to detect potential issues with the application in real-time,
allowing organizations to respond quickly and prevent problems from
escalating.
What
is a log retention policy? Answer: A log retention policy is a set of
guidelines for how long log data should be stored.
Why
is a log retention policy important for application logging and
monitoring? Answer: A log retention policy is important for application
logging and monitoring because it ensures that log data is stored for a
sufficient amount of time to allow for analysis and troubleshooting, while
also protecting against data breaches and compliance issues.
What
is a log archiving system? Answer: A log archiving system is a tool that
is used to store log data for long-term retention.
How
can log archiving systems be used to improve application logging and
monitoring? Answer: Log archiving systems can be used to store log data
for long-term retention, allowing organizations to retain log data for
compliance and forensic purposes.
What
is a log correlation engine? Answer: A log correlation engine is a tool
that is used to analyze log data and identify patterns and trends across
multiple sources.
How
can log correlation engines be used to improve application logging and
monitoring? Answer: Log correlation engines can be used to identify
patterns and trends across multiple sources of log data, helping
organizations to identify and diagnose issues with the application.
What
is a log event management system? Answer: A log event management system is
a tool that is used to collect, store and analyze log data, and to trigger
alerts and automated responses based on specific events or patterns in the
data.
How
can log event management systems be used to improve application logging
and monitoring? Answer: Log event management systems can be used to
collect, store and analyze log data, and to trigger alerts and automated
responses based on specific events or patterns in the data. This can help
organizations to identify and respond to issues with the application more
quickly and effectively.
What
is a log correlation rule? Answer: A log correlation rule is a set of
instructions used to identify a specific pattern or set of conditions in
log data.
How
can log correlation rules be used to improve application logging and
monitoring? Answer: Log correlation rules can be used to identify patterns
in log data that may indicate a security incident, allowing organizations
to respond quickly to potential threats.
What
is a log management system? Answer: A log management system is a tool that
is used to collect, store, and analyze log data.
How
can log management systems be used to improve application logging and
monitoring? Answer: Log management systems can be used to collect, store,
and analyze log data, making it easier to identify and diagnose issues
with the application.
What
is a log analytics tool? Answer: A log analytics tool is a tool that is
used to analyze log data and identify patterns and trends.
How
can log analytics tools be used to improve application logging and
monitoring? Answer: Log analytics tools can be used to identify patterns
and trends in log data, helping organizations to identify and diagnose
issues with the application.
What
is a log correlation tool? Answer: A log correlation tool is a tool that
is used to analyze log data and identify patterns and trends across
multiple sources.
How
can log correlation tools be used to improve application logging and
monitoring? Answer: Log correlation tools can be used to identify patterns
and trends across multiple sources of log data, helping organizations to
identify and diagnose issues with the application.
What
is a log monitoring tool? Answer: A log monitoring tool is a tool that is
used to collect and analyze log data in real-time, allowing organizations
to respond quickly to potential issues.
How
can log monitoring tools be used to improve application logging and
monitoring? Answer: Log monitoring tools can be used to detect potential
issues with the application in real-time, allowing organizations to
respond quickly and prevent problems from escalating.
What
is a log management and analysis platform? Answer: A log management and
analysis platform is a tool that is used to collect, store, and analyze
log data, and to provide visualization and reporting capabilities.
How
can log management and analysis platforms be used to improve application
logging and monitoring? Answer: Log management and analysis platforms can
be used to collect, store, and analyze log data, and to provide
visualization and reporting capabilities, making it easier to identify and
diagnose issues with the application.
What
is a log data lake? Answer: A log data lake is a centralized repository
that stores log data in its raw format, allowing organizations to perform
big data analytics on the data.
How
can log data lakes be used to improve application logging and monitoring?
Answer: Log data lakes can be used to store log data in its raw format,
allowing organizations to perform big data analytics on the data, making
it easier to identify and diagnose issues with the application.
What
is a log correlation and analysis service? Answer: A log correlation and
analysis service is a service that is used to analyze log data and
identify patterns and trends across multiple sources.
How
can log correlation and analysis services be used to improve application
logging and monitoring? Answer: Log correlation and analysis services can
be used to identify patterns and trends across multiple sources of log
data, helping organizations to identify and diagnose issues with the
application, and providing additional features such as alerts and
reporting capabilities.
What
is a log correlation and visualization tool? Answer: A log correlation and
visualization tool is a tool that is used to analyze log data, identify
patterns and trends across multiple sources, and display the data in a
graphical format for easy analysis and understanding.
How
can log correlation and visualization tools be used to improve application
logging and monitoring? Answer: Log correlation and visualization tools
can be used to identify patterns and trends across multiple sources of log
data, display the data in a graphical format, and provide alerts and
reporting capabilities. This can help organizations to identify and
diagnose issues with the application, and respond quickly to potential
security threats.
What
is injection? Answer: Injection is a type of attack where an attacker can
insert malicious code into an application through an untrusted input. This
can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized access to sensitive data or to
execute malicious actions on the application.
What
are the different types of injection attacks? Answer: The different types
of injection attacks include SQL injection, OS command injection, LDAP
injection, and script injection.
How
can SQL injection be prevented? Answer: SQL injection can be prevented by
using prepared statements and parameterized queries, validating and
sanitizing user input, and using a least privilege account to access the
database.
How
can OS command injection be prevented? Answer: OS command injection can be
prevented by validating and sanitizing user input, using a whitelist of
allowed commands, and by using a least privilege account to execute
commands.
How
can LDAP injection be prevented? Answer: LDAP injection can be prevented
by validating and sanitizing user input, using prepared statements and
parameterized queries, and by using a least privilege account to access
the directory.
How
can script injection be prevented? Answer: Script injection can be
prevented by validating and sanitizing user input, using a Content
Security Policy (CSP) to prevent malicious scripts from being executed,
and by properly encoding and escaping user input.
What
is a prepared statement? Answer: A prepared statement is a precompiled SQL
statement that can be executed multiple times with different parameter
values. This can prevent SQL injection attacks by separating the user
input from the SQL command.
What
is parameterized query? Answer: A parameterized query is a type of
prepared statement where the user input is passed in as a separate
parameter, rather than being included directly in the SQL command. This
can prevent SQL injection attacks by separating the user input from the
SQL command.
What
is a least privilege account? Answer: A least privilege account is an
account that is granted the minimum level of access necessary to perform
its intended function. This can prevent injection attacks by limiting the
scope of an attacker's access if they are able to gain unauthorized
access.
What
is a Content Security Policy (CSP)? Answer: A Content Security Policy
(CSP) is a security feature that allows web developers to control the
resources that a web page can load and execute. This can prevent script
injection attacks by preventing malicious scripts from being executed.
How
can input validation prevent injection attacks? Answer: Input validation
can prevent injection attacks by ensuring that all user input is properly
formatted and meets certain criteria before it is used by the application.
This can prevent malicious input from being executed as code or SQL
commands.
How
can sanitizing user input prevent injection attacks? Answer: Sanitizing
user input can prevent injection attacks by removing or encoding any
potentially dangerous characters or strings from user input before it is
used by the application.
What
is a whitelist? Answer: A whitelist is a list of allowed inputs, commands
or resources. This can prevent injection attacks by limiting the scope of
what the application will accept as valid input.
How
can encoding and escaping user input prevent injection attacks? Answer:
Encoding and escaping user input can prevent injection attacks by
converting special characters in user input into a safe format that cannot
be executed as code or SQL commands.
What
is a stored procedure? Answer: A stored procedure is a group of SQL
statements that are stored in the database and can be executed as a single
command. This can prevent SQL injection attacks by separating the user
input from the SQL command and by allowing the developer to use the
database's built-in security features.
What
is a blacklist? Answer: A blacklist is a list of disallowed inputs,
commands or resources. This can prevent injection attacks by identifying
and blocking any known malicious inputs.
How
can using a firewall prevent injection attacks? Answer: A firewall can
prevent injection attacks by monitoring and blocking any incoming traffic
that is deemed to be malicious. This can help to prevent attackers from
being able to inject malicious code into the application.
What
is a security token? Answer: A security token is a unique string that is
used to identify a user and to ensure that they are authorized to access
certain resources. This can prevent injection attacks by ensuring that
only authorized users can access sensitive data or perform certain
actions.
How
can using encryption prevent injection attacks? Answer: Encryption can
prevent injection attacks by converting sensitive data into a code that
cannot be read by unauthorized users. This can help to protect sensitive
data from being accessed or modified by an attacker who has gained
unauthorized access to the application.
How
can regular patching and updates prevent injection attacks? Answer:
Regular patching and updates can prevent injection attacks by fixing any
known vulnerabilities in the application and by ensuring that the latest
security features are in place. This can help to prevent attackers from
being able to exploit vulnerabilities in the application.
What
is a security boundary? Answer: A security boundary is a barrier that
separates the trusted and untrusted parts of an application. This can
prevent injection attacks by isolating untrusted user input and by
ensuring that it cannot be used to execute malicious code or SQL commands.
How
can using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) prevent injection attacks?
Answer: A Web Application Firewall (WAF) can prevent injection attacks by
monitoring and blocking any incoming traffic that is deemed to be
malicious. It can also detect and block known injection attack patterns,
such as SQL injection, before they reach the application.
How
can using a sandbox prevent injection attacks? Answer: A sandbox is an
isolated environment where code can be executed without affecting the rest
of the system. This can prevent injection attacks by isolating untrusted
user input and by ensuring that any malicious code is executed in a
controlled and safe environment.
How
can using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) prevent injection attacks?
Answer: A Virtual Private Network (VPN) can prevent injection attacks by
encrypting all network traffic and by creating a secure connection between
the user and the application. This can help to prevent attackers from
intercepting and modifying traffic in order to inject malicious code.
How
can using a intrusion detection system (IDS) prevent injection attacks?
Answer: An intrusion detection system (IDS) can detect and prevent
injection attacks by monitoring network traffic and identifying any
suspicious activity, such as attempts to inject malicious code.
What
is a SQL injection filter? Answer: A SQL injection filter is a security
feature that can prevent SQL injection attacks by identifying and blocking
known injection attack patterns.
How
can using a security scanner prevent injection attacks? Answer: A security
scanner can automatically scan an application for vulnerabilities and can
identify any potential injection attack vectors. This can help developers
to identify and fix any vulnerabilities before they are exploited by
attackers.
How
can using a secure coding standard prevent injection attacks? Answer:
Using a secure coding standard can prevent injection attacks by providing
guidelines on how to properly validate and sanitize user input, use
prepared statements and parameterized queries, and properly handle
sensitive data.
How
can using a threat modeling process prevent injection attacks? Answer: A
threat modeling process can help to identify and prevent injection attacks
by identifying potential attack vectors and by analyzing the potential
impact of an attack. This can help developers to prioritize and address any
vulnerabilities in the application.
How
can using a security testing process prevent injection attacks? Answer: A
security testing process can help to identify and prevent injection
attacks by testing the application for vulnerabilities and by identifying
any potential attack vectors. This can help developers to fix any
vulnerabilities before they are exploited by attackers.
How can
using a Code review process prevent injection attacks? Answer: A code
review process can help to identify and prevent injection attacks by
reviewing the application's source code for vulnerabilities and by
identifying any potential attack vectors. This can help developers to fix
any vulnerabilities before they are exploited by attackers.
How
can using a penetration testing process prevent injection attacks? Answer:
A penetration testing process can help to identify and prevent injection
attacks by simulating a real-world attack on the application and by
identifying any potential vulnerabilities that could be exploited by
attackers.
How
can using a security information and event management (SIEM) system
prevent injection attacks? Answer: A security information and event
management (SIEM) system can prevent injection attacks by collecting,
analyzing, and alerting on security-related data from various sources,
such as network traffic, log files, and application data. This can help to
detect and respond to any attempted injection attacks.
How
can using a security orchestration, automation, and response (SOAR) system
prevent injection attacks? Answer: A security orchestration, automation,
and response (SOAR) system can prevent injection attacks by automating the
process of detecting, analyzing, and responding to security incidents,
including injection attacks.
How
can using a security management system prevent injection attacks? Answer:
A security management system can prevent injection attacks by providing
visibility into the security posture of an organization, identifying vulnerabilities,
and providing guidance on how to remediate them.
How
can using a security configuration management system prevent injection
attacks? Answer: A security configuration management system can prevent
injection attacks by ensuring that all systems are configured in a secure
manner, and that vulnerabilities are identified and remediated in a timely
manner.
How
can using a security information management system prevent injection
attacks? Answer: A security information management system can prevent injection
attacks by collecting, analyzing and reporting on security-related data
from various sources, allowing organizations to identify vulnerabilities
and respond to potential injection attacks.
How
can using a security incident management system prevent injection attacks?
Answer: A security incident management system can prevent injection
attacks by tracking and managing security incidents, including injection
attacks, and by providing guidance on how to respond to them.
How
can using a security monitoring system prevent injection attacks? Answer:
A security monitoring system can prevent injection attacks by providing
real-time visibility into the security posture of an organization and by
alerting on any suspicious activity or attempts to inject malicious code.
How
can using a security threat intelligence system prevent injection attacks?
Answer: A security threat intelligence system can prevent injection
attacks by providing information on known attack methods, including injection
attacks, and by providing guidance on how to detect and respond to them.
How
can using a security analytics system prevent injection attacks? Answer: A
security analytics system can prevent injection attacks by analyzing
security-related data from various sources, identifying patterns and
anomalies, and providing insights into potential attack methods, including
injection attacks.
How
can using a security automation system prevent injection attacks? Answer:
A security automation system can prevent injection attacks by automating
repetitive security tasks, such as vulnerability management and incident
response, allowing organizations to focus on preventing and responding to
injection attacks.
How
can using a security orchestration system prevent injection attacks?
Answer: A security orchestration system can prevent injection attacks by
automating the coordination of security tools and systems, reducing the
time and effort required to detect and respond to injection attacks.
How
can using a security information governance system prevent injection
attacks? Answer: A security information governance ime spent on manual
tasks and allowing organizations to respond to injection attacks more
quickly and effectively.
How
can using a security incident response plan prevent injection attacks?
Answer: A security incident response plan can prevent injection attacks by
providing a set of procedures and guidelines for responding to security
incidents, including injection attacks. This can help organizations to
respond quickly and effectively to attacks, minimizing the damage caused.
How
can using a security incident response team (SIRT) prevent injection
attacks? Answer: A security incident response team (SIRT) can prevent
injection attacks by providing a dedicated group of experts responsible
for identifying, analyzing and responding to security incidents, including
injection attacks.
How
can using a security awareness training program prevent injection attacks?
Answer: A security awareness training program can prevent injection
attacks by educating employees on how to identify and report potential
injection attacks, and by providing guidance on how to handle sensitive
data and user input securely.
How
can using a security incident management process prevent injection
attacks? Answer: A security incident management process can prevent
injection attacks by providing a set of procedures for identifying,
analyzing and responding to security incidents, including injection
attacks. This can help organizations to respond quickly and effectively to
attacks, minimizing the damage caused.
How
can using a security incident response automation tool prevent injection
attacks? Answer: A security incident response automation tool can prevent
injection attacks by automating repetitive tasks such as data collection
and analysis, allowing incident response teams to focus on identifying and
responding to injection attacks.
How
can using a security incident response management platform prevent
injection attacks? Answer: A security incident response management
platform can prevent injection attacks by providing a centralized location
for managing and coordinating incident response efforts, including those
related to injection attacks.
How
can using a security incident response orchestration tool prevent
injection attacks? Answer: A security incident response orchestration tool
can prevent injection attacks by automating the coordination of incident
response efforts across multiple tools and systems, reducing the time
spent on manual tasks and allowing incident response teams to respond to
injection attacks more quickly and effectively.
What
is broken authentication and session management? Answer: Broken
authentication and session management refers to vulnerabilities in the way
an application handles user authentication and session management, which
can allow an attacker to gain unauthorized access or steal sensitive
information.
How
can an attacker exploit a vulnerability in authentication and session
management? Answer: Attackers can exploit vulnerabilities in authentication
and session management by stealing session cookies, guessing or
brute-forcing passwords, or performing session hijacking attacks.
How
can session hijacking be prevented? Answer: Session hijacking can be
prevented by using secure and unique session IDs, regenerating session IDs
after login, and using the HttpOnly and secure flags on session cookies.
How
can we ensure that session IDs are unique and secure? Answer: Session IDs
can be ensured to be unique and secure by using a secure random number generator
to generate them, regularly regenerating them, and storing them securely
on the server.
How
can we prevent session fixation attacks? Answer: Session fixation attacks
can be prevented by regenerating session IDs after login, and not allowing
session IDs to be provided by the user.
How
can we properly logout a user and invalidate their session? Answer: Users
can be properly logged out by providing a logout button or link that
invalidates the session on the server, and by clearing the session cookie
from the user's browser.
How
can we implement multi-factor authentication? Answer: Multi-factor
authentication can be implemented by requiring a combination of something
the user knows (e.g. password), something the user has (e.g. a token or
smartphone), and something the user is (e.g. biometric data).
How
can we implement password policies to improve security? Answer: Password
policies can be implemented by requiring strong and complex passwords,
regularly expiring them, and preventing the reuse of old passwords.
How
can we prevent the reuse of old password? Answer: The reuse of old
passwords can be prevented by maintaining a history of past passwords for
each user and comparing new passwords against this history.
How
can we detect and prevent brute force attacks on authentication systems?
Answer: Brute force attacks on authentication systems can be detected and
prevented by monitoring for a large number of failed login attempts from a
single IP, and by implementing account lockout policies.
How
can we secure the remember me feature? Answer: The remember me feature can
be secured by using a secure and unique token to identify the user, and by
storing it securely on the server. The token should be linked to the
user's session, and should be invalidated when the user logs out or when
the session expires.
How
can we monitor and detect suspicious login activity? Answer: Suspicious
login activity can be detected by monitoring and logging all login
attempts, including failed attempts, and by analyzing the data for
patterns such as multiple failed attempts from a single IP, or login
attempts from unusual locations.
How
can we protect against session stealing through cross-site scripting?
Answer: Session stealing through cross-site scripting can be prevented by
properly validating and escaping user input, and by implementing a Content
Security Policy (CSP) to prevent malicious scripts from being executed.
How
can we limit the amount of time a session can remain active? Answer: The
amount of time a session can remain active can be limited by setting an
expiration time for the session on the server, and by regularly
regenerating the session ID.
How
can we ensure that session data is properly encrypted and protected?
Answer: Session data can be ensured to be properly encrypted and protected
by encrypting the session data on the server and by storing it securely.
How
can we implement session management in a stateless environment? Answer:
Session management in a stateless environment can be implemented by using
tokens to identify the user and by storing the token securely on the
server.
What
are the best practices for securing authentication and session management?
Answer: The best practices for securing authentication and session
management include using strong and unique session IDs, regularly
regenerating session IDs, implementing multi-factor authentication,
implementing password policies, monitoring and logging login attempts, and
regularly patching and updating authentication systems.
How
can we ensure that only authorized users have access to sensitive
resources? Answer: Only authorized users can be ensured to have access to
sensitive resources by implementing proper access controls, regularly
monitoring and logging user activities, and disabling or removing
unnecessary accounts.
How
can we implement passwordless authentication? Answer: Passwordless
authentication can be implemented by using a one-time token sent to the
user's email or phone, or by using biometrics or a security key.
How
can we implement two-factor authentication? Answer: Two-factor
authentication can be implemented by requiring a user to provide both a
password and a one-time code sent to their email or phone, or by using a
security key or biometrics.
How
do you handle session management in Single Sign-On (SSO)? Answer: In SSO,
sessions are typically managed by the SSO server, which generates and
manages the session IDs and controls access to the resources.
What
is the difference between authentication and authorization? Answer:
Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user, while
authorization is the process of determining what a user is allowed to do
once their identity has been verified.
How
can we protect against session stealing through cross-site request forgery
(CSRF)? Answer: CSRF attacks can be prevented by using anti-CSRF tokens,
which are unique tokens added to the forms and links of the web
application.
What
are the best practices for securing user passwords? Answer: Best practices
for securing user passwords include enforcing strong and complex password
policies, regularly expiring passwords, and preventing the reuse of old
passwords.
How
can we prevent unauthorized access to sensitive resources? Answer:
Unauthorized access to sensitive resources can be prevented by
implementing proper access controls, regularly monitoring and logging user
activities,and disabling or removing unnecessary accounts. It's also
important to implement strong authentication mechanisms and use encryption
to protect sensitive information.
How
can we ensure that session data is properly encrypted and protected?
Answer: Session data can be ensured to be properly encrypted and protected
by encrypting the session data on the server and by storing it securely.
It's also important to use secure and unique session IDs and to regularly
regenerate them.
What
is the difference between session management and token-based
authentication? Answer: Session management is a way of managing user
sessions on the server, where a session ID is stored on the server and on
the user's browser to identify the user. Token-based authentication uses a
token, which is a unique string, to identify the user and is typically
stored on the client side.
How
can we prevent session ID guessing attacks? Answer: Session ID guessing
attacks can be prevented by using secure and random session IDs,
regenerating them after login, and by limiting the number of allowed login
attempts.
How
can we prevent session fixation attacks? Answer: Session fixation attacks
can be prevented by regenerating session IDs after login, and not allowing
session IDs to be provided by the user. It's also important to properly
log out the user and invalidate their session when they log out.
How
can we implement proper access controls? Answer: Proper access controls
can be implemented by using role-based access control (RBAC) and by
creating a clear access control policy. It's also important to regularly
monitor and log user activities, and to disable or remove unnecessary
accounts.
How
can we secure the remember me feature? Answer: The remember me feature can
be secured by using a secure and unique token to identify the user, and by
storing it securely on the server. The token should be linked to the
user's session, and should be invalidated when the user logs out or when
the session expires.
How
can we detect and prevent brute force attacks on authentication systems?
Answer: Brute force attacks on authentication systems can be detected and
prevented by monitoring for a large number of failed login attempts from a
single IP, and by implementing account lockout policies.
How
can we implement password policies to improve security? Answer: Password
policies can be implemented by requiring strong and complex passwords,
regularly expiring them, and preventing the reuse of old passwords.
How
can we prevent the reuse of old password? Answer: The reuse of old
passwords can be prevented by maintaining a history of past passwords for
each user and comparing new passwords against this history.
How
can we protect against session stealing through cross-site scripting?
Answer: Session stealing through cross-site scripting can be prevented by
properly validating and escaping user input, and by implementing a Content
Security Policy (CSP) to prevent malicious scripts from being executed.
How
can we implement multi-factor authentication? Answer: Multi-factor
authentication can be implemented by requiring a combination of something
the user knows (e.g. password), something the user has (e.g. a token or
smartphone), and something the user is (e.g. biometric data).
How
can we ensure that only authorized users have access to sensitive
resources? Answer: Only authorized users can be ensured to have access to
sensitive resources by implementing proper access controls, regularly
monitoring and logging user activities, and disabling or removing
unnecessary accounts.
How
can we implement passwordless authentication? Answer: Passwordless
authentication can be implemented by using a one-time token sent to the
user's email or phone, or by using biometrics or a security key.
How
can we implement two-factor authentication? Answer: Two-factor
authentication can be implemented by requiring a user to provide both a
password and a one-time code sent to their email or phone, or by using a
security key or biometrics.
How
can we ensure that session IDs are unique and secure? Answer: Session IDs
can be ensured to be unique and secure by using a secure random number
generator to generate them, regularly regenerating them, and storing them
securely on the server.
How
can we handle session management in Single Sign-On (SSO)? Answer: In SSO,
sessions are typically managed by the SSO server, which generates and
manages the session IDs and controls access to the resources.
What
is the difference between authentication and authorization? Answer:
Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user, while
authorization is the process of determining what a user is allowed to do
once their identity has been verified.
How
can we protect against session stealing through cross-site request forgery
(CSRF)? Answer: CSRF attacks can be prevented by using anti-CSRF tokens,
which are unique tokens added to the forms and links of the web
application.
How
can we secure the login process? Answer: The login process can be secured
by using encryption, implementing strong authentication mechanisms, and by
regularly monitoring and logging login attempts.
How
can we prevent session ID prediction attacks? Answer: Session ID
prediction attacks can be prevented by using secure and random session IDs
and by regularly regenerating them.
How
can we ensure that session data is properly encrypted and protected?
Answer: Session data can be ensured to be properly encrypted and protected
by encrypting the session data on the server and by storing it securely.
It's also important to use secure and unique session IDs and to regularly
regenerate them.
How
can we prevent session ID reuse attacks? Answer: Session ID reuse attacks
can be prevented by invalidating the session ID on the server after a user
logs out, and by regularly regenerating the session ID.
How
can we prevent session ID spoofing attacks? Answer: Session ID spoofing
attacks can be prevented by using secure and unique session IDs and by
regularly regenerating them. It's also important to validate the session
ID on the server before allowing access to resources.
How
can we prevent session ID theft attacks? Answer: Session ID theft attacks
can be prevented by using secure and unique session IDs and by regularly
regenerating them. It's also important to use the HttpOnly and secure
flags on session cookies to protect them from being stolen.
How
can we prevent session ID prediction attacks? Answer: Session ID
prediction attacks can be prevented by using secure and random session
IDs, and by regularly regenerating them. It's also important to limit the
number of allowed login attempts and to implement account lockout
policies.
What
is SQL injection and how can it be prevented? Answer: SQL injection is a
type of injection attack in which an attacker is able to execute malicious
SQL code in a web application's database by injecting it into a form field
or other user input. To prevent SQL injection, input validation and
prepared statements should be used.
What
is cross-site scripting (XSS) and how can it be prevented? Answer: XSS is
a type of injection attack in which an attacker injects malicious code
into a web page viewed by other users. To prevent XSS, input validation
and escaping should be used, and a Content Security Policy (CSP) can be
implemented.
What
is a session hijacking attack and how can it be prevented? Answer: A
session hijacking attack occurs when an attacker is able to take over a
user's session by stealing their session cookie. To prevent session
hijacking, session cookies should be properly protected with secure flags
and the HttpOnly attribute, and session IDs should be regenerated after
login.
What
is a cross-site request forgery (CSRF) attack and how can it be prevented?
Answer: A CSRF attack occurs when an attacker tricks a user into
performing an action on a website without their knowledge or consent. To
prevent CSRF, a CSRF token should be used to verify that the request is
coming from a legitimate source.
What
is a security misconfiguration and how can it be prevented? Answer:
Security misconfiguration occurs when an application or server is not
properly configured, which can lead to vulnerabilities. To prevent
security misconfiguration, applications and servers should be configured
securely and updated regularly, and unnecessary services should be
disabled.
What
is encryption and why is it important? Answer: Encryption is the process
of converting plaintext into ciphertext to protect it from unauthorized
access. It is important because it ensures the confidentiality and
integrity of sensitive data.
What
is a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack and how can it be prevented? Answer:
A MITM attack occurs when an attacker intercepts and alters communication
between two parties. To prevent MITM, secure protocols such as HTTPS and
SSL/TLS should be used and certificate validation should be implemented.
What
is a directory traversal attack and how can it be prevented? Answer: A
directory traversal attack occurs when an attacker is able to access files
and directories outside of the intended web root by manipulating the file
path in a URL. To prevent directory traversal, input validation and
filtering should be used on all file paths.
What
is a denial of service (DoS) attack and how can it be prevented? Answer: A
DoS attack occurs when an attacker floods a website or network with
traffic to make it unavailable to legitimate users. To prevent DoS,
network and application-level defenses can be implemented, such as rate
limiting and traffic shaping.
How
can sensitive data leakage be prevented? Answer: To prevent sensitive data
leakage, data should be properly encrypted and protected, access controls
should be implemented, and data should be regularly monitored for
unauthorized access or exfiltration.
What
is a Injection flaw and how can it be prevented? Answer: Injection flaws
occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command
or query. It can be prevented by using prepared statements, parameterized
queries, and stored procedures.
What
is a broken authentication and session management vulnerability and how
can it be prevented? Answer: These vulnerabilities occur when an
application's authentication and session management mechanisms are
improperly implemented. It can be prevented by using strong and unique
session IDs, implementing proper password policies, and regularly
monitoring and logging all authentication attempts.
What
is a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability and how can it be prevented?
Answer: XSS is a type of injection attack in which an attacker injects
malicious code into a web page viewed by other users. To prevent XSS,
input validation and escaping should be used, and a Content Security
Policy (CSP) can be implemented.
What
is a broken access control vulnerability and how can it be prevented?
Answer: These vulnerabilities occur when an application fails to properly
restrict access to resources. It can be prevented by implementing proper
access controls, regularly monitoring and logging user activities, and
disabling or removing unnecessary accounts.
What
is a security misconfiguration vulnerability and how can it be prevented?
Answer: Security misconfiguration occurs when an application or server is
not properly configured, which can lead to vulnerabilities. To prevent
security misconfiguration, applications and servers should be configured
securely and updated regularly, and unnecessary services should be
disabled.
What
is a sensitive data disclosure vulnerability and how can it be prevented?
Answer: This risk occurs when sensitive information such as passwords,
credit card numbers, or personal details is improperly protected. It can
be prevented by using strong encryption and implementing proper access
controls, monitoring and logging access to sensitive data.
What
is a insufficient cryptography vulnerability and how can it be prevented?
Answer: This risk occurs when an application does not use strong enough
cryptography to protect sensitive information. It can be prevented by
using strong encryption algorithms, long keys, and proper certificate
validation.
What
is a Unvalidated Redirects and Forwards vulnerability and how can it be
prevented? Answer: This risk occurs when an application accepts untrusted
input that could be used to redirect or forward a user to an untrusted
site. It can be prevented by properly validating all redirects and
forwards, and by not using user-provided data in redirects or forwards.
What
is a Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities vulnerability and how can
it be prevented? Answer: This risk occurs when an application uses
third-party libraries or components that have known vulnerabilities. It
can be prevented by regularly updating and patching all components and
libraries, and by regularly monitoring for new vulnerabilities.
What
is a Failure to Restrict URL Access vulnerability and how can it be
prevented? Answer: This risk occurs when an application fails to properly
restrict access to sensitive resources. It can be prevented by
implementing proper access controls, regularly monitoring and logging user
activities, and disabling or removing unnecessary accounts.
Cyber security is the process of protecting hardware, software and data from hackers. The primary purpose of implementing these cyber security techniques is to protect against different cyberattacks such as changing, accessing or destroying sensitive data.
2) What are The Fundamental Elements of Cyber Security?
Following are the main elements of cyber security:
Information security
End-user education
Operational security
Application security
Network security
Business continuity planning
3) What are The Main Advantages of Cyber Security?
It protects the business against unauthorized access, including ransomware, social engineering, malware and phishing.
Protects end-users and improve the business continuity management
Improves stakeholder confidence
Provide adequate protection for both data as well as networks
Increase recovery time after any breach
4) What Do You Means By Cryptography?
Cryptography is the technique used to protect confidential information from third parties called adversaries. It allows both sender and receiver of any message to read its details.
5) What is The Main Difference between IDS and IPS?
As the name indicates, IDS (Intrusion Detection System) detects intrusions, and an administrator prevents the intrusion carefully. In the IPS (Intrusion Prevention System), the system finds the intrusion and prevents it for better protection.
6) Explain The CIA Model?
CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability) is a common model to develop a security policy. It consists of the following concepts:
Confidentiality: Ensure the confidential and private data is accessed only by the authorized users
Integrity: It means the information is in the right format
Availability: Ensure the data and other required resources are available to those users who need them
7) Define The Firewall?
In simple words, the firewall is a network security device that is mainly designed to monitor incoming and outgoing traffic and blocks data based on the security rules. Firewalls are considered the best option to protect the network from worms, malware, viruses, remote access and content filtering.
8) What is Traceroute and How Can We Check It?
Traceroute is the network diagnostic tool used to track the real path of any data packet on an IP address from its source to destination. It reports all IP addresses of routers and records the time taken for each hop. Traceroute is mostly used to check out the connection breaks to identify the point of failure.
Go to command prompt (cmd), write “tracert”, and enter any domain name after a single space, as you can view in the picture given below:
9) What is The Difference between HIDS and NIDS?
Parameter
HIDS
NIDS
Usage
Detect the intrusions
Used for the network
Monitoring
It monitors suspicious system activities and traffic of any specific device.
It monitors the traffic of all devices on the network
Performance
Must be installed on every host
It can monitor multiple hosts at a time
10) What is SSL and Why We Need To Use It?
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is a technology used to create encrypted connections between web servers and browsers. It is now compulsory for every website to be ranked on the first page of google and is commonly used to protect online transactions, users’ data, and digital payments.
11) Define Data Leakage?
It is the name of unauthorized data transmission from a network (within the organization) to an external network or destination. Data leakage can occur via email, optical media, USB keys or laptops.
12) What is The Brute Force Attack and How to Prevent it?
The brute force attack is trial-and-error to guess login information, encryption keys, or PIN. In this case, hackers make all the possible ways and try to guess the credentials one by one. Brute force attacks are automated and use a password dictionary that contains millions of words that can be used as a password. So, you can try to minimize the brute force risk by adopting the following ways:
Set password length
Use a complex password
Set limits on login failures
13) Define Port Scanning?
Port scanning is the name of identification of the open ports and services available on any particular host. So, attackers use this technique to find out information for malicious purposes.
14) Enlist The Names of OSI Model Layers
There are seven layers of OSI Model:
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
15) What is a VPN?
VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a network connection method used to create a secure and encrypted connection. VPN protects you from snooping, censorship and interference. Virtual Private Networks secure the public internet connection with the help of encryption techniques and provide shielding to your online activity from cybercriminals and even your Internet Service Provider.
16) Who are The Black Hat Hackers?
Black hat hackers are those people who have good knowledge of breaching network security, and they can generate malware for personal financial gain or malicious activities. They are clever and break into a network to modify or destroy data and are unavailable for authorized users.
17) Who are White Hat Hackers?
White hat hackers are also known as security specialists specializing in penetration testing and help the organization protect their confidential and secure information from attackers. In other words, you can also call them ethical hackers who perform hacking activities to improve the network security. If you want to become an ethical hacker, you need to go through cyber security interview questions and answers to grab a golden opportunity.
18) Who are Grey Hat Hackers?
It is the combination of white and black hat hacking techniques in which the grey hat hackers sometimes violate ethical standards, but they don’t have any malicious intent.
19) How To Reset The Password-protected BIOS Configuration?
There are different ways to reset the BIOS password, but a few of them are given below:
MITM (Man In The Middle) is an attack where the attacker intercepts the communication between two networks or persons. MITM is working on the primary intent to access confidential information.
21) What is ARP and How it works?
ARP is a protocol that works as an interface between the OSI network and OSI link layer and is used to find out the MAC address associated with the IPv4 address. What does ARP Stands for in Accenture: Robotics Process Automation – Accenture.
22) Define Botnet
A botnet is the number of internet-connected devices like laptops, servers, IoT, mobile devices, and PCs controlled or infected by malware.
23) What are The Major Differences Between SSL and TLS?
TLS is a secure channel between two clients, whereas SSL helps track the person we communicate with because it verifies the sender’s identity.
24) What is The Abbreviation of CSRF?
Cross-Site Request Forgery
25) What is 2FA? How To Implement It For A Public Website?
2FA stands for two-factor authentication, and it is a security process used to identify the person accessing an online account. The user will get access after giving evidence to the authentication device.
26) What Is The Difference Between Asymmetric And Symmetric Encryption?
Asymmetric encryption uses a different key for encryption and decryption, whereas symmetric requires the same key for both encryption and decryption.
27) XSS Stands For?
cross-site scripting
28) Do You Know About WAF?
A web Application Firewall (WAF) is used to protect the application by filtering and monitoring all incoming and outgoing traffic between the application and the internet.
29) What is Hacking?
Hacking is a technique used to discover weaknesses in the private network or computer to exploit its weaknesses and gain access. In simple words, it is the name of using password cracking techniques to gain access to the system.
30) Who are The Hackers?
Hackers are those people who find and exploit the weakness in any network or computing device to gain access. They are experienced programmers with a great knowledge of computer security.
31) What is Network Sniffing?
It is a tool to analyze data packets sent over a network using specialized software and hardware equipment. Sniffing can be used for:
Capturing sensitive and confidential data such as password
Eavesdropping on chat messages
Monitoring data package over a network
32) Why Is DNS Monitoring Important?
Newly registered domains are easily infected with malicious software, so the DNS monitoring tools identify malware.
33) What Is The Process Of Salting And Why It Is Used?
Salting is a process in which passwords length is extended using special characters. To use it more efficiently, you need to understand the entire mechanism of salting. It is an efficient way to safeguard your passwords because it also prevents attackers from testing known words across the system. For example, (“QxLUF1bgIAdeQX”) is added to each password to protect passwords.
34) What is SSH?
Secure Socket Shell (also known as Secure Shell) is a utility suite that the system administrators use to secure access to the data on a network.
35) Is SSL Protocol enough For Network Security?
SSL is not an all-in-one security solution because it does not provide security once the data is transferred to the server. So, it is a proactive approach to use server-side encryption and hashing to protect against any data breach. For advanced study, you may consider searching cryptography and network security viva questions to be a successful network security engineer.
36) Define Black Box Testing And White Box Testing?
Black box testing is a software testing technique in which an application’s internal structure or program code is hidden.
White box testing: It is a software testing way the tester knows the internal structure or program.
37) Explain Vulnerabilities In Network Security?
Vulnerabilities refer to any weak point in the applications or software code that an attacker can exploit. It is commonly found in SaaS (Software as a Service) applications.
38) What Is TCP Three-way handshake?
The three-way handshake is the process of connecting localhost and severs in the network. This process requires the client and server to exchange the synchronization and acknowledgement packets before communicating data.
39) What Is Residual Risk and How To Deal With It?
Residual risk is a threat that balances the risk exposure after eliminating threats, so we can deal with the risk by choosing the following ways:
Reduce it
Avoid it
Accept it
40) Can You Define Exfiltration?
It is the name of unauthorized data transfer from a computer system. Anyone with physical access to computing devices may carry this transmission out.
41) Do You Know About Exploit in Network Security?
It is a method used by hackers to access data in an unauthorized way. Exploit is incorporated into malware.
42) What is Penetration Testing?
Penetration testing is the name of checking exploitable vulnerabilities on the target. It is used to augment the web application firewall in web security.
43) Enlist The Most Common Cyber-Attacks?
When preparing cyber security interview questions and answers, consider the commonly used cyber-attacks. Following are the popular types of cyber-attacks:
Malware
Phishing
Password attacks
DDoS
Man-in-the-middle
Drive-by downloads
Rogue software
Malvertising (malicious advertising)
44) What is The Name Of Protocol That Broadcast The Information Across All The Devices?
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) is a communication protocol used in gaming or video streaming and facilitates communication devices, including routers, to send packets.
45) How Can We Protect Email Messages?
Cipher algorithm is highly recommended to protect email, credit card information and confidential data.
46) What is Data Encryption and Why It Is Important In Network Security?
Data encryption is a technique used to secure the data by converting it into code. So, only authorized users can access this code or converted form of data. It is important for network security because your data can be breached at any stage in the network if it is not encrypted. In the cyber security interview questions and answers, your most questions should be on the encryption and decryption techniques and secure the network.
47) What is The Main Difference Between Diffie-Hellman and RSA?
Diffie-Helman is a protocol used whenever the key is exchanged between two parties, and RSA is an encryption algorithm that takes the keys (public and private) to do the encryption and decryption.
48) What is The Remote Desktop Protocol?
Microsoft developed RDP and provides GUI (graphical user interface) to connect two devices over a network. The user will use RDP client software to get successful communication, and other devices must run RDP server software. RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) is dedicatedly designed for remote management and virtual access applications, computers, or terminal servers.
49) Do You Know About Forward Secrecy?
Forward secrecy is a security measure used to confirm the integrity of the unique session key if long term key is compromised.
50) Explain The Concept of IV in Encryption?
IV (Initial Vector) is an arbitrary number used to ensure that identical text is encrypted to different ciphertexts. The encryption program uses an IV program only once per session. The preparation of cyber security interview questions and answers is highly recommended if you’re seriously willing to secure your job in a well reputed firm.
51) What is The Difference Between Stream Cipher and Block Cipher?
Parameter
Stream Cipher
Block Cipher
Working
Operates on small plaintext
Works on large data blocks
Code requirements
Less code required
More code required
Usage of keys
Only once
Reuse of key is possible
Application
Secure Socket layer
File encryption and database
Usage
Used to implement hardware
Used to implement software
52) Enlist Some Examples of A Symmetric Encryption Algorithm?
Following are the examples of symmetric encryption algorithm:
RCx
Rijndael (AES)
DES
Blowfish
53) What is The Abbreviation of ECB and CBC?
ECB stands for Electronic Codebook, and CBC stands for Cipher Block Chaining.
54) Can You Define Spyware?
It is a type of malware used to steal data about the company or person. Spyware can damage the computer system of companies or organizations.
55) Do You Know About Impersonation?
Yes, it is a mechanism used to assign the user account to an unknown user.
56) What is SRM?
SRM (Security Reference Monitor) is a Microsoft Windows system used to implement security in windows. It determines whether access to a resource is allowed or not. MSFT Access Token is used for the verification of all user actions.
57) What is The Computer Virus?
It is malicious software executed on the system without users’ consent and consumes computing resources such as CPU time and memory. In some special cases, this malicious software changes other computer programs and inserts its code to harm the computer system. Different computer viruses may be used to:
Access user ID and passwords
Corrupt data in the computer
Log the users’ keystrokes
Show annoying messages
58) What Do You mean By Authenticode?
It is a technology used to identify the publisher of Authenticode sign software. With the help of Authenticode, every user can verify that software is genuine or contains any malicious program.
59) Define CryptoAPI?
As the name indicates, CryptoAPI collects encryption APIs that allow the developers to create a project on a protected and secure network.
60) What are The Steps To Secure Web Server?
Following are the simple steps to secure your web server:
Update the ownership of the file
Keep your webserver up-to-date
Disable all extra modules
Delete default scripts
61) What is MBSA?
Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA) is a graphical and command-line interface that finds missing security updates and misconfigurations.
62) What is Ethical Hacking?
It is a type of hacking in which attackers understand the weak points and improve overall security. Ethical hackers get the help of different tools and fix vulnerabilities of computers or networks.
63) Explain Social Engineering and Enlist its Attacks?
The term social engineering is used to convince people to reveal confidential information, and it has three types: Human-based, mobile-based and computer-based.
Human-based attack: Attackers may pretend to be a genuine user who requests higher authority to reveal the organization’s confidential information.
Computer-based attack: In this type of attack, attackers send fake emails to harm the computer and ask them to forward such emails.
Mobile-based attack: They may send SMS to others and collect private information. If any user downloads a malicious application, it can be misused to grant access to confidential information.
64) What is IP and MAC Addresses?
IP address stands for Internet Protocol address and uniquely identifies any computer or other devices such as printers, storage disks on a computer network.
MAC address stands for Media Access Control address used to uniquely identify network interfaces for proper communication at the physical layer.
65) What Do You mean By A Worm?
The worm is malware that replicates from one computer to another.
66) What is The Difference Between Virus and Worm?
Parameter `
Virus
Virus
How they infect?
The virus inserts malicious code into a particular program or file
Worm is attached in Instant messages or email copies
Dependency
It needs a host program to work
There is no need for any host to function correctly
Linked with
Virus is linked with .com, .xls, .exe, .doc, and others
The worm is linked with any file on a network
Affecting speed
It is slower than worm
It is faster as compared to virus
67) Enlist Some Tools Used For Packet Sniffing?
Following tools are used for packet sniffing:
Tcpdump
Kismet
Wireshark
NetworkMiner
Dsniff
68) Do You Know About Anti-Virus Sensor Systems?
Yes, it is a tool used to identify, prevent, or remove viruses present in computing devices. Anti-virus sensor systems perform system checks and increase the computer’s security regularly.
It is a type of attack in which a malicious actor aims to render a computer, server, or network resource to its intended users. In other words, it is a process of disrupting the normal traffic of a targeted server by overwhelming the target.
71) What is The Concept Of Session Hijacking?
TCP session hijacking is the name of misusing a valid compute session. The most common method of hijacking is IP spoofing, and attackers use IP packets to insert a command between two network nodes.
72) What are The Different Methods Of Session Hijacking?
Following are the common methods of session hijacking:
IP Spoofing
Blind Attack
Using packet Sniffers
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS Attack)
73) Define Hacking Tools?
Hacking tools are programming scripts and computer programs useful for finding and exploiting the weaknesses in computer systems, servers, networks or web applications. Many tools are available in the market, both free and paid solutions for commercial use.
74) What are The Common Encryption Tools?
Following are the most common encryption tools:
RSA
AES
Twofish
Triple DES
75) Define Backdoor?
Backdoor term is used when a security mechanism is bypassed to access a system by adopting malware technique.
76) Is it a Good Way To Send Login Credentials Through Email?
No, sending your login credential through email is not recommended because there are solid chances of email attacks.
77) What is The 80/20 Rule of Networking?
This networking rule is defined based on network traffic, in which 80% of all network traffic should remain local while 20% of traffic should be routed towards a permanent VPN.
78) What is WEP Cracking?
WEP cracking is a method used for a security breach in wireless networks. Mainly, it is categorized into two types: Active cracking and Passive cracking.
79) What are The WEP cracking tools?
Following tools are commonly used in WEP cracking:
Aircrack
Kismet
WEPCrack
WebDecrypt
80) Define Security Auditing?
It is the internal inspection of operating systems and software applications for security flaws.
The audit can be done through line-by-line code inspection.
81) What is Phishing?
Phishing is a technique used to obtain confidential information such as username, password or credit card information.
82) Can You Define Nano-Scale Encryption?
Nano-scale encryption is a research area that provides robust security to computers and prevents attacks.
83) What is Security Testing?
It is a type of software testing that ensures the applications and systems are free from any vulnerabilities, risks or threats that may cause a big loss.
84) What is Security Scanning?
Security scanning is the name of identifying network and system weaknesses to provide solutions for reducing these risks. It can be done for both manuals as well as automated scanning.
85) What are The Available Hacking Tools?
Here is a list of useful hacking tools:
Acunetix
Burp Suite
Savvius
Probably
Netsparker
WebInspect
Angry IP scanner
86) What are The Disadvantages of Penetration Testing?
Following are the main disadvantages of testing:
Corruption and data loss
Higher downtime increases costs
It cannot find all vulnerabilities available in the system
There are many limitations such as budget, time, scope and skills of testers
87) What is Security Threat?
It is a risk that can steal confidential data and harm computer systems, networks, and organizations.
88) What are Physical Threats?
It is known as a potential cause of any incident that may result in physical damage to your network or compute systems.
89) What are The Examples Of Non-Physical Threats?
Following are the common examples of non-physical threats:
Loss of confidential information
Corruption or loss of system data
Cyber Security Breaches
Disrupt business operations
Illegal monitoring of activities on computing devices
90) Do You Know About Trojan Virus?
It is a type of malware used to gain access to any computer using social engineering techniques to execute the trojan virus on the system.
91) What is SQL Injection?
SQL injection is an attack that poisons malicious SQL statements to the database by taking advantage of poorly designed web applications.
92) Enlist Security Vulnerabilities As Per Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)
Following are the security vulnerabilities as per OWASP:
SQL Injection
Cross-site request forgery
Insecure cryptographic storage
Failure to restrict URL access
Insufficient transport layer protection
Unvalidated redirects and forwards
Broken authentication and session management
93) What is an Access Token?
An access token is a credential that is used by a system to verify whether the API should be granted to any particular object or not.
94) What is ARP Poisoning?
Address Resolution Protocol poisoning is a type of attack in which the IP address is converted to the physical address on a network device. The host will send an ARP broadcast, and all receivers respond with their physical addresses. In other words, ARP poisoning is the name of sending fake addresses to the switch to associate the fake addresses with the IP address of a computer connected to the network and hijack the traffic.
95) Enlist The Common Types of Non-Physical Threats:
Following are the common types of non-physical threats:
Trojans
Adware
Worms
Spyware
DoS Attack
Distributed DoS Attacks
Virus
Key loggers
Phishing
Unauthorized access to computer systems resources
96) What is The Sequence of a TCP Connection?
The sequence of a TCP connection (also known as a 3-way handshake) is SYN SYN-ACK ACK.
97) What is Nmap?
Nmap is a network scanning tool that uses IP packets to identify all the connected devices and deliver information on the operating systems they are running.
98) What is The Use Of EtterPeak Tool?
It is a network analysis tool used to sniff packets of network traffic.
99) What are The Types of Cyber-Attacks?
Mainly, there are two types of cyber-attacks: web-based and system-based attacks.
100) List Out Web-based Attacks
Common web-based attacks are SQL injection, Brute Force attack, Phishing, DNS Spoofing, DoS and Dictionary attacks.
101) Some examples of System-based Attacks
Following are the examples of system-based attacks:
Virus
Backdoors
Bots
Worm
102) List Out The Types of Cyber Attackers
Mainly, there are four types of cyber attackers: Cybercriminals, Hacktivists, Insider threats, and State-sponsored attackers.
